Environmental and Health Effects of Sanitary Napkins and Pads

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Sanitary napkins and pads are widely used feminine hygiene products that offer convenience and accessibility. However, their environmental and health impacts have become a growing concern.


Chemicals in Sanitary Napkins and Pads: Composition  and Effects

Conventional sanitary pads are composed of layers of synthetic materials, adhesives, and superabsorbent polymers. These include:

Polyethylene and Polypropylene Plastics: Used in the top and bottom layers to prevent leakage. These materials are non-biodegradable, contributing to long-term environmental pollution.
Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs): Derived from petroleum, SAPs enhance absorbency but are linked to skin irritation and allergic reactions.
Dioxins and Furans: Byproducts of the bleaching process used to whiten the cotton and rayon components. Exposure to dioxins can disrupt the endocrine system and is associated with cancer and reproductive issues.
Phthalates: Used in some pads to improve flexibility, phthalates can interfere with hormonal regulation.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Found in the fragrance and adhesives, VOCs may cause headaches, respiratory issues, and skin irritation.
Pesticide Residues: Cotton used in pads is often grown with pesticides and herbicides. Residues from these chemicals can remain in the final product, posing risks of skin irritation and hormone disruption.

Health Impacts: Case Studies and Evidence

1. Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS): TSS is a rare but life-threatening condition caused by bacterial toxins. It has been linked to the prolonged use of superabsorbent pads and tampons. For instance, South Korea reported several cases where improper product usage led to severe health complications.

2. Allergic Reactions and Skin Irritation: Women globally have reported rashes, itching, and allergic reactions from prolonged exposure to the synthetic materials and chemicals in pads. A study from Japan found that 15% of women experienced significant discomfort due to these products.

3. Endocrine Disruption: Chemicals like dioxins and phthalates can interfere with hormonal balance. Studies in the USA and India have shown correlations between frequent use of bleached sanitary products and hormonal irregularities.

4. Cancer Risk: Long-term exposure to dioxins and other toxic substances has been associated with an increased risk of cancer, particularly reproductive cancers.

5. Infertility: Chemicals like dioxins and phthalates may disrupt hormonal balance, which can interfere with fertility over time.

Environmental Impacts

1. Non-Biodegradable Waste: Each sanitary pad takes 500-800 years to decompose. Globally, billions of pads are discarded annually, contributing to landfill overflow and ocean pollution. India alone generates over 12 billion sanitary napkin waste annually.

2. Microplastic Pollution: The plastic components break down into microplastics, which infiltrate soil and water systems, posing threats to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.

3. Incineration Concerns: Burning used pads releases harmful gases like dioxins and carbon dioxide, exacerbating air pollution.

Eco-Friendly Alternatives

1. Biodegradable Pads

  • Materials: Made from organic cotton, bamboo fiber, banana fiber, or cornstarch.

  • Benefits: Fully compostable, free from harmful chemicals, and reduces landfill waste.

  • Example: Brands like Saathi in India and Natracare in the UK offer biodegradable options.

2. Menstrual Cups

  • Materials: Medical-grade silicone or rubber.

  • Benefits: Reusable for up to 10 years, cost-effective, and significantly reduces waste.

  • Case Study: A study in Kenya found that menstrual cup adoption reduced menstrual waste by over 90% per user.

3. Cloth Pads

  • Materials: Reusable cotton pads with washable layers.

  • Benefits: Zero waste, cost-effective, and customizable for comfort.

  • Challenges: Requires regular washing and drying in sunlight to prevent bacterial growth.

Global Advocacy and Case Studies

  1. South Korea: Health issues related to sanitary pads gained attention after several women reported serious reproductive health problems. This led to increased awareness and a rise in the use of menstrual cups and organic pads.

  2. India: Initiatives like the "Green the Red" campaign have promoted sustainable menstrual practices. The Indian government’s push for biodegradable products in rural areas is gradually gaining momentum.

  3. United Kingdom: Awareness campaigns by organizations like "Bloody Good Period" have highlighted the environmental impact of disposable pads, encouraging the adoption of menstrual cups.

Benefits of Eco-Friendly Menstrual Products

Health Benefits

  • Free from harmful chemicals, reducing risks of allergies and hormonal disruptions.

  • Comfortable and skin-friendly due to natural materials.

Environmental Benefits

  • Reduces non-biodegradable waste.

  • Promotes sustainable resource use.

Economic Benefits

  • Long-term cost savings with reusable products.

  • Accessibility for low-income populations through community initiatives.

Conclusion

Conventional sanitary napkins and pads pose significant health and environmental challenges due to their chemical composition and non-biodegradable nature. Transitioning to eco-friendly alternatives such as biodegradable pads, menstrual cups, and cloth pads offers numerous benefits for individual health and the planet. Increased awareness, coupled with supportive policies and community initiatives, can accelerate this transition, ensuring a sustainable and healthy future for all.

Location: India

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