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Waste-to-Hydrogen: Technologies, Sustainability, Economics and the Pathway to a Circular Hydrogen Economy

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T he transition to a low-carbon economy requires two complementary changes: reducing the environmental burden of waste and replacing fossil-derived resources in energy-intensive industries. Waste-to-hydrogen (WtH₂) offers a potential connection between these priorities by converting selected organic residues, agricultural by-products, wastewater and non-recyclable waste fractions into hydrogen, an important industrial feedstock and energy carrier. Hydrogen is already essential to ammonia production, petroleum refining and chemical manufacturing. It may also support lower-emission ironmaking and the production of selected synthetic fuels. However, most global hydrogen production continues to rely on fossil fuels. The International Energy Agency's Global Hydrogen Review 2026 reports that global hydrogen demand exceeded 100 million tonnes in 2025, while low-emissions hydrogen production remained below 1 million tonnes. This disparity highlights the challenge of decarbonising an estab...
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Kerala’s Electricity Crisis: From Power Cuts to Energy Security

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W hen electricity goes off for an hour in the evening, the immediate question is simple: Why is there no power? But Kerala’s electricity situation in 2026 cannot be understood through that question alone. The more important questions are: How much electricity does Kerala actually need? How much can the State generate internally? How much must be procured from outside? How much dependable electricity is available during the evening peak? How much storage is available to shift renewable electricity into high-demand periods? What happens when the wider Indian electricity system itself becomes constrained? And how prepared is Kerala for a future in which electricity demand continues to rise? These questions became particularly important during 2026, when Kerala experienced significant pressure on its electricity system and restrictions during peak-demand periods. According to figures reported by the Chief Minister’s Office, Kerala’s daily electricity consumption reached 94.76 million units...
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Location: India
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